Newfoundland and Labrador is the easternmost province of Canada, in the country’s Atlantic region. It comprises the island of Newfoundland and the continental region of Labrador, with an area of 405,212 km² (156,453 sq mi) and a population of 547,910 in 2026. Newfoundland with its neighbouring islands has 94% of the province’s population, with more than half in the Avalon Peninsula. Labrador has a land border with the province of Quebec and a short border with Nunavat on Killing Island. The French overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon lies about 20 km (12 mi) west of the Burin Peninsula.

In 2021, 99.4% of residents reported English as their native language, making Newfoundland and Labrador Canada’s most linguistically homogeneous province. Much of the population is descended from English and Irish settlers, with the majority immigrating from the early 17th century to the late 19th century. St. John’s , the capital and largest city, is Canada’s 22nd-largest census metropolitan area and home to about 40% of the province’s population. St. John’s is the seat of the provincial House of Assembly and its highest court, the Court of Appeal.

Until 1949, the Dominion of Newfoundland was a separate dominion in the British Empire. In 1933, the House of Assembly of the self-governing dominion voted to dissolve itself and to hand over administration of Newfoundland and Labrador to the British-appointed Commission of Government. This followed the suffering caused by the Great Depression and Newfoundland’s participation in the First World War. On March 31, 1949, it became the tenth and most recent province to join the Canadian Confederation as “Newfoundland”. On December 6, 2001, the Constitution of Canada was amended to change the province’s name from “Newfoundland” to “Newfoundland and Labrador”.